China has overtaken the United States on an influential list of the world's fastest supercomputers, showcasing Beijing's ability to compete with the world's leading superpower in advanced technology.
According to the semi-annual ranking announced on Tuesday in Hamburg, Germany, China's LineShine system surpassed the US-based El Capitan to become the planet's most powerful system.
Located at the National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen, LineShine achieved 2.198 exaflops according to the latest TOP500 list, performing more than 2 quintillion calculations per second and securing a 20 percent lead over El Capitan.
This placement means LineShine is the first Chinese system to top the list since Sunway TaihuLight in 2017. El Capitan, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, had been ranked as the highest-performing system since November 2024.
Jack Dongarra, a computer science professor at the University of Tennessee and one of the organizers of the TOP500 list, said LineShine's performance demonstrates that China can compete in advanced computing despite US export restrictions on the most advanced chips. Dongarra said, "Export controls may slow China's access to certain advanced components, but they also provide a strong incentive to develop domestic alternatives."
Unlike other supercomputers, LineShine runs entirely on general-purpose central processing units (CPUs). This represents a design with fewer processing cores and slower performance on complex tasks compared to graphics processing units (GPUs), which are essential for AI models. LineShine is the first and only system to achieve over 2 exaflops using only CPUs.
As China and the US wage a fierce battle for global supremacy in cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence over the past decade, they impose mutual sanctions and export controls to hinder each other's progress. The 2026 AI Index Report published by Stanford University in April revealed that China has "effectively closed the gap" in AI model performance with the US.
Addison Snell, co-founder of the computing industry consulting firm Intersect360 Research, said LineShine's ranking as the world's top supercomputer should have ripple effects in the US, Europe, and Japan as countries continue to compete for AI supremacy. Snell added, "The US is still the global leader in technology, but the gap is not wide."