A new study by scientists shows that global warming cannot be explained solely by carbon dioxide and known greenhouse gases. According to the research, about 15% of warming caused by human activities comes from pollutants that do not directly heat the atmosphere but trigger other chemical reactions that amplify warming.
The study identifies carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds as the main contributors in this indirect effect chain. Among these substances, which are not included in the main gas lists of institutions and countries' climate plans, is black carbon, also known as soot.
Pollutants not included in climate agreements
The research reminds that these substances were not listed among the tracked gases in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Although indirect warming effects were studied at that time, the level of detail needed to form the basis for political commitments was not established.
The authors of the new study argue that there is now sufficient scientific knowledge to change this picture. The study compiles various data, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report published in 2021.
Scientific findings face political resistance
It is also emphasized that including these pollutants in climate policies will not be easy. Experts note that some countries are already struggling to meet existing emission targets, making the addition of new substances to climate accounting potentially more politically contentious.
Those evaluating the study stress the need for clearer measurement of source-based emissions and more detailed monitoring of their climate impacts. Nevertheless, the research points to a significant missing piece in climate regulations.
According to experts, the impact of these pollutants is not lower than that of only two of the seven greenhouse gases listed in the Kyoto Protocol. However, their short lifespans mean that reducing them could slow the rate of warming in the near term.
Air quality and climate goals aligned
The study also notes that some of these substances are already regulated as harmful air pollutants in many countries. For example, carbon monoxide contributes to smog formation in cities.
Experts reviewing the study argue that climate and air quality policies should not be treated as separate areas. Reducing these pollutants could mean both cleaner air and a limited but tangible decrease in the pace of global warming.
The study’s findings bring renewed attention to a topic long overshadowed in climate discussions. Scientists believe that with the right policies, dual benefits for ecology and health can be achieved.
